NB. Jacobsen (2006)
Focusing on Kalundborg, this study provides a rare quantitative assessment of water and steam exchanges, showing both significant and moderate environmental benefits. Economic gains largely stem from operational efficiency rather than by-product value alone. IS performance must be assessed from both individual and collective sustainability perspectives.
Industrial Symbiosis: A Systems Approach to Sustainable Resource Management
This article examines industrial symbiosis as a systems-based approach within industrial ecology, focusing on the collaborative use of resources among traditionally separate industries. It analyzes how material and energy exchanges can reduce environmental impacts while generating economic benefits. The paper discusses key drivers, enabling conditions, and barriers to the development of symbiotic networks, emphasizing the importance of geographic proximity, trust, and institutional support. Through theoretical insights and empirical examples, the study illustrates how industrial symbiosis contributes to more sustainable and integrated industrial systems.